Unveiling the Evolution of American Photography (1839-1910)
Exploring Photographic Pioneers: Insight into The Met's Exhibit 'The New Art: American Photography from 1839 to 1910'
The period from 1839 to 1910 marked a transformative era in American photography, characterized by groundbreaking technological advancements and the emergence of various photographic processes. This article delves into the development of daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and tintypes, which played pivotal roles in shaping photography as a cultural, commercial, and artistic medium.
Daguerreotypes (1839-1860)
Louis Daguerre's announcement of his photographic process in August 1839 revolutionized portraiture by capturing detailed and permanent images on silver-plated copper sheets[2][4]. Daguerreotypes became the dominant form of photography for nearly twenty years, providing an unprecedented opportunity for self-representation across different social strata in the U.S.[2]
Each daguerreotype was unique, with a shimmering, mirror-like quality that seemed both magically real and scientifically verifiable[2]. However, they required specialized equipment and were fragile, making them less accessible for widespread use.
Ambrotypes (1854-1870)
The ambrotype process, similar to daguerreotype but using a glass plate, emerged in 1854. It was popularized in the U.S. for its advantages over daguerreotypes: it was cheaper, easier to view without glare, and eliminated the lateral reversal of images[2]. Ambrotypes offered practical improvements, making them more accessible to a broader audience.
Tintypes (1860s-1880s)
Tintypes, also known as ferrotypes, were introduced in the 1860s. They used a thin sheet of tin or iron coated with a dark varnish to create negative images that appeared as positives[2]. Tintypes were more durable and less expensive than daguerreotypes and ambrotypes, making them widely accessible during the Civil War era. They were often used for instant photography and were popular at fairs and exhibitions[5].
Evolution of Photography
Over time, photography became simpler and less expensive to produce, allowing more individuals access to these tools for both documentation and art. This democratization of photography contributed to its widespread adoption and artistic evolution[5]. The development of these early photographic processes not only reflected but also influenced America's cultural identity. Exhibitions like "The New Art: American Photography, 1839-1910" at The Metropolitan Museum of Art highlight the nation's shifting sense of self through the lens of photography[1][3].
Key Figures and Exhibitions
Major figures in this period included Josiah Johnson Hawes, John Moran, Carleton E. Watkins, and Alice Austen, among others, whose works are featured in recent exhibitions[1][3]. Exhibitions like "The New Art" showcase the ingenuity and aesthetic ambition of early photographers and their lasting impact on American culture[1][3].
The camera on display in the exhibit features a rudimentary camera lens and a piece of glass for the lens. The advent of photography in mid-19th century America marked a significant shift in culture, with a focus on vision and perception. Ralph Waldo Emerson described this time as "Our Age is Ocular."
References:
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art
- The National Gallery of Art
- National Museum of American History
- Library of Congress
- Smithsonian American Art Museum
Photography's evolution during this period (1839-1910) was significantly influenced by key figures like Josiah Johnson Hawes, John Moran, Carleton E. Watkins, and Alice Austen, whose works are highlighted in modern exhibitions. The development of these early photographic processes, such as daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and tintypes, not only reflected but also shaped American culture and history. Furthermore, advancements in technology made photography more accessible to the general public, thus influencing the intersection of technology, culture, and history.
